🧊 Abstraction

Abstraction is the concept of hiding complex implementation details and showing only the essential features of the object.

It can be achieved using abstract classes and interfaces.

🔸 Abstract Class Example

                    abstract class Animal {
                        abstract void sound();
                    }
                    
                    class Dog extends Animal {
                        void sound() {
                            System.out.println("Bark");
                        }
                    }
                    
                    public class Main {
                        public static void main(String[] args) {
                            Animal a = new Dog();
                            a.sound();
                        }
                    }
                    

🔸 Interface Example

                    interface Vehicle {
                        void drive();
                    }
                    
                    class Car implements Vehicle {
                        public void drive() {
                            System.out.println("Driving car");
                        }
                    }
                    
                    public class Main {
                        public static void main(String[] args) {
                            Vehicle v = new Car();
                            v.drive();
                        }
                    }
                    

🔒 Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the practice of wrapping data (variables) and methods into a single unit called a class and restricting direct access to some of the object's components.

This is usually done using private variables and providing getter and setter methods.

                    class Student {
                        private String name;
                    
                        public String getName() {
                            return name;
                        }
                    
                        public void setName(String name) {
                            this.name = name;
                        }
                    }
                    
                    public class Main {
                        public static void main(String[] args) {
                            Student s = new Student();
                            s.setName("Alice");
                            System.out.println(s.getName());
                        }
                    }